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Abstract
The last quarter of the 20th century coincided with cultural turn, post-modernism and post- structuralism, both in social reality and in social analysis. This "turn" not only reveals increasing importance of culture in human life and in the humanities and social sciences, but a better and deeper understanding ...
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The last quarter of the 20th century coincided with cultural turn, post-modernism and post- structuralism, both in social reality and in social analysis. This "turn" not only reveals increasing importance of culture in human life and in the humanities and social sciences, but a better and deeper understanding of the role and power of culture in various arenas of human life and social theorizing, what had been overwhelmed for a long time by the economic factor. In this paper we have attempted in, first, discussing the importance of the development of culture and cultural development, and its various aspects and dimensions. Second, utilizing the recent studies about the role of culture in economic, social and political development, we explored the fact that continuous and enduring development of different aspects of societies without development of their indigenous culture neither is possible, nor it may lead to self- realization and accomplishment of human beings. We concluded that in Iran, for the development of various aspects of the society, it is necessary that such development be based on indigenous Iranian-Islamic culture. In other words, the developmental efforts in Iran must be culturally based in order to succeed.
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Abstract
Political development is the processes in which capacities of political institutions and actors increase in order to organize and manage public affairs. In recent centuries, political development has revolved around three processes: The concentration of political power; the legalization of the state, ...
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Political development is the processes in which capacities of political institutions and actors increase in order to organize and manage public affairs. In recent centuries, political development has revolved around three processes: The concentration of political power; the legalization of the state, and the democratization of the government. These processes at first, became apparent in Western Europe. We can distinguish two main Patterns of political development in these countries. The First pattern, that can be called "Social-based" became apparent in the northwestern Europe and British. In these countries, before and in parallel with the development of the government, the civil society was also developed. In these countries, political participation was gradually extended and deepened; therefore, political conflicts were appeared in institutional competitions and adjusted. The second pattern, that can be called "State-based", became apparent in the central and eastern Europe. In these countries, emphasizes has been placed upon strengthening of the power of the government, and the weak civil society did not play an effective role in politics. Therefore, in these countries political stability was under the pressure of obvious or hidden conflicts. In addition to these main patterns, there will also be a compound pattern that we call “revolutionary” which became apparent in French. In this country, the power of the state and society was relatively balanced, but these relations were not well established, such that they replaced each other alternately. This study shows that: 1) the first pattern suffers less contradiction and crisis 2) Many European countries that began in the form of second or third patterns, gradually shifted to the first 3- regardless of structural factors and international events, political elite played a decisive role in the evolution and transformation of political development processes to make timely decision for the political reform.
