Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Tourism Management Dept., Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Tourism Management Dept., Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Tourism Management Dept., Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
10.22054/qjsd.2023.69449.2389
Abstract
The World Tourism Organization has recognized senior tourism as an important opportunity in the tourism industry because Population ageing is a global phenomenon And according to the United Nations, the population of all countries is aging . On the other hand, Today's seniors have a higher level of wealth, more free time and improved health conditions to participate in tourism activities than their predecessors. Despite the growth in the number of researches in senior tourism field, there is still gap for more researches, especially in countries like Iran where the population is moving rapidly towards aging. Therefore This study aims to identify and provide the most important Categories of Senior Tourism Development base on previous studies. To achieve this goal, with adopting a qualitative meta-synthesis approach, We analyzed 82 articles And after open coding and axial coding, 10 sub-categories and 4 categories were provided: (1) Motivations include push motivations and pull motivations; (2) Constraints include intrapersonal Constraints, interpersonal Constraints and structural Constraints; (3) Facilitators include intrapersonal Facilitators , interpersonal Facilitators and structural Facilitators; (4) Benefits include Improve the quality of life(Objective factors), Improve the quality of life(Subjective factors). Most Reviewed studies(Both Persian and English sources) deal only with a specific aspect of senior tourism, and advantage of this study is its comprehensive view(from the Tourists' Perspective).
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Al-Haj Mohammad, Bashar. A. M., and Mat Som, Ahmad. P. (2010). "An Analysis of Push and Pull Travel Motivations of Foreign Tourists to Jordan." International Journal of Business and Management, 12(5), 41-50.
- Alén, Elisa, Losada, Nieves, and de Carlos, Pablo (2017). "Profiling the segments of senior tourists throughout motivation and travel characteristics." Current Issues in Tourism, 20(14), 1454-1469.
- Chen, Chun-Chu, and Petrick, James. (2013). "Health and Wellness Benefits of Travel Experiences: A Literature Review." Journal of Travel Research, 52(6), 709–719.
- Chen, Ching-Fu, and Wu, Chine-Chiu. (2009). "How motivations, constraints, and demographic factors predict seniors’ overseas travel propensity." Asia Pacific Management, 14(3), 301–312.
- Chen, Fangfang, Dai, Shanshan, Xu, Honggang, and Abliz, Abdulla. (2020). "Senior’s travel constraint, negotiation strategy and travel intention: Examining the role of social support." International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(3), 363–377.
- Chick, Garry Dong, E. (2003). "Possibility of refining the hierarchical model of leisure constraints through cross cultural research." Proceedings of the 2003 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, 338–344.
- Cleaver, Megan, and Muller, Thomas E. (2002). "I want to pretend I'm eleven years younger: Subjective age and seniors' motives for vacation travel." Social Indicators Research, 60(1-3), 227–241.
- Cleaver, Megan, Muller, Thomas E., Ruys, Hein F.M., and Wei, Sherri. (1999). "Tourism Product Development for the Senior Market, Based on Travel-Motive Research." Tourism Recreation Research, 24(1), 5–11.
- Crawford, Duane W., and Godbey, Geoffrey. (1987). "Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure." Leisure Sciences, 9(2), 119–127.
- Crawford, Duane W., Jackson, Edgar L., and Godbey, Geoffrey. (1991). "A hierarchical model of leisure constraints." Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309-320.
- Crompton, John. L. (1979). "Motivations for pleasure vacation." Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 408–424.
- Cuenca-Amigo, Macarena, Aristegui, Iratxe, Cuenca, Manuel, and Amigo, María. L. (2017). "The importance of leisure in older adults living in Spain." Annals of Leisure Research, 20(2), 222–239.
- Dann, Graham. M. S. (1977). "Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism." Annals of Tourism Research, 4(4), 184–194.
- Dhurup, Manilall. (2012). "Perceived constraints to leisure-time activity among the elderly." South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 34(1).
- Erwin, Elizabeth J., Brotherson, Mary Jane, and Summers, Jean Ann. (2011). "Understanding qualitative metasynthesis: Issues and opportunities in early childhood intervention research." Journal of Early Intervention, 33(3), 186–200.
- Fabricius, Susanna, and Eriksson, Niklas. (2017). "Young-elderly individuals´ use of social media for travel purpose." Tourism & Management Studies, 13(1), 27–32.
- Ferrer, Jordi Garcés, Sanz, Mireia Ferri, Ferrandis, Estrella Durá, McCabe, Scott, and García, Javier Sánchez. (2016). "Social Tourism and Healthy Ageing." International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(4), 297-307.
- Fleischer, Aliza, and Pizam, Abraham (2002). "Tourism constraints among Israeli seniors." Annals of Tourism Research, 29(31), 106-123.
- Gao, Jie, and Kerstetter, Deborah. L. (2016). "Using an intersectionality perspective to uncover older Chinese female’s perceived travel constraints and negotiation strategies." Tourism Management, 57, 128-137.
- Gump, Brooks B., and Matthews, Karen A. (2000). "Are vacations good for your health? The 9-year mortality experience after the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial." Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(5), 608-612.
- Gwet, Kilem Li(2014). Handbook of inter-rater reliability: the definitive guide to measuring the extent of agreement among raters ; [a handbook for researchers, practitioners, teachers & students]. In Gaithersburg, MD: STATAXIS Publishing Company, 57.
- Hawkins, Barbara, Foose, Alice K., and Binkley, Anne L. (2004). "Contribution of leisure to the life satisfaction of older adults in Australia and the United States." World Leisure Journal, 46(2), 4-12.
- Horneman, Louise, Carter, R. W., Wei, Sherrie, and Ruys, Hein (2002). "Profiling the senior traveler: An Australian perspective." Journal of Travel Research, 41(1), 23–37.
- Hsu, Cathy H.C., Cai, Liping A., and Wong, Kevin K.F. (2007). "A model of senior tourism motivations-Anecdotes from Beijing and Shanghai." Tourism Management, 28(5), 1262-1273.
- Huang, Leo, and Tsai, Hsien-Tang (2003). "The study of senior traveler behavior in Taiwan." Tourism Management, 24(5), 561-574.
- Huber, Dominik, Milne, Simon, and Hyde, Kenneth F. (2018). "Constraints and facilitators for senior tourism." Tourism Management Perspectives, 27(2015), 55-67.
- Hung, Kam, Bai, Xue, and Lu, Jiaying (2016). "Understanding Travel Constraints Among the Elderly in Hong Kong: A Comparative Study of the Elderly Living in Private and in Public Housing." Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 33(7), 1051-1070.
- Hung, Kam, and Lu, Jiaying (2016). "Active living in later life: An overview of aging studies in hospitality and tourism journals." International Journal of Hospitality Management, 53(2016), 133-144.
- Hwang, Jinsoo, Kim, Jinkyung Jenny, Lee, Jenni Soo-Hee, and Sahito, Noman (2020)." How to form wellbeing perception and its outcomes in the context of elderly tourism: Moderating role of tour guide services." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 1029.
- Jackson, Edgar L., and Searle, Mark S. (1985). "Recreation non-participation and barriers to participation: Concepts, and models." Loisir et Societe, 8(2), 693-707.
- Jang, Soocheong, Bai, Billy, Hu, clark, and Wu, Chi-Mei Emily. (2009). "Affect, travel motivation, and travel intention: A senior market." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 33(1), 51–73.
- Jang, Soocheong, and Wu, Chi-Mei Emily. (2006). "Seniors’ travel motivation and the influential factors: An examination of Taiwanese seniors." Tourism Management, 27(2), 306-316.
- Jeong, Eun-Hwa, and Park, Ji-Hyuk (2020). "The Relationship Among Leisure Activities, Depression and Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Elderly Koreans." Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 6(2020).
- Katsikari, Christina, Hatzithomas, Leonidas, Fotiadis, Thomas, and Folinas, Dimitris K. (2020). "Push and pull travel motivation: Segmentation of the greek market for social media marketing in tourism." Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(11), 1-18.
- Kazeminia, Azadeh, Del Chiappa, Giacomo, and Jafari, Jafar (2015). "Seniors’ Travel Constraints and Their Coping Strategies." Journal of Travel Research, 54(1), 80–93.
- Kim, Byunggook. (2015). "What Facilitates a Festival Tourist? Investigating Tourists’ Experiences at a Local Community Festival." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(9), 1005-1020.
- Kim, Hyelin, Uysal, Muzaffer, and Joseph Sirgy, M. (2019). Seniors: Quality of Life and Travel/Tourism, Part of the Applying Quality of Life Research book series (BEPR), 241-253.
- Kim, Hyelin, Woo, Eunju, & Uysal, Mozaffer. (2015). "Tourism experience and quality of life among elderly tourists." Tourism Management, 46(2015), 465-476.
- Kim, Junhyoung, Lee, Sunwoo, Chun, Sanghee, Han, Areum, and Heo, Jinmoo (2017). "The effects of leisure-time physical activity for optimism, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and positive affect among older adults with loneliness." Annals of Leisure Research, 20(4), 406-415.
- Kim, Junhyoung, Suh, Young Ik, and Kim, Jaehyun (2019). "Identifying leisure constraints associated with acculturation among older Korean immigrants." International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 14(1), 1-8.
- Kim, Youngtae, Weaver, Pamela, and McCleary, Ken. (1996). "A structural equation model: The relationship between travel motivation and information sources in the senior travel market." Journal of Vacation Marketing, 3(1), 55–66.
- Kuo, Chun-Min, Chen, Lih-Hsin, & Liu, Chia-Hao (2019). "Is it all about religious faith? Exploring the value of contemporary pilgrimage among senior travelers." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(5), 379-392.
- Lee, Hakjun, and Heo, Shik. (2021). "Benefits of leisure activities for the quality of life of older South Korean adults." Leisure Studies, 40(2), 199-211.
- Lee, Sun Hee, and Tideswell, Carmen. (2005). "Understanding attitudes towards leisure travel and the constraints faced by senior Koreans." Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(3), 249–263.
- Liechty, Toni, Ribeiro, Nuno F., and Yarnal, Careen M. (2009). "I Traveled Alone, but Never Felt Alone: An Exploration of the Benefits of an Older Women’s Group Tour Experience." Tourism Review International, 13(1), 17–29.
- Lopes, Maria C., Liberato, Dália, Alén, Elisa, and Liberato, Pedro. (2021). "The Restrictions on Travel of Elderly Tourists and Their Mitigation by Facilitators and Negotiation Strategies." Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 1 (2020), 470–478.
- Lundberg, Donald E. (1971). "Why Tourists Travel." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 11(4), 75–81.
- Maslow, Abraham H. (1943)." A theory of human motivation." Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
- McGuire, Francis A. (1984). "A factor analytic study of leisure constraints in advanced adulthood." Leisure Sciences, 6(3), 313-326.
- Mehri, Nader, Messkoub, Mahmood, and Kunkel, Suzanne (2020). "Trends, Determinants and the Implications of Population Aging in Iran". Ageing International, 45(2020), 327–343.
- Milman, Ady (1998). "The Impact of Tourism and Travel Experience on Senior Travelers’ Psychological Well-Being." Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 166–170.
- Moal-Ulvoas, Gaelle. (2017). "Positive emotions and spirituality in older travelers." Annals of Tourism Research, 66(2017), 151–158.
- Neal, Janet D., Sirgy, M. Joseph, and Uysal, Mozaffer. (1999). "The role of satisfaction with leisure travel/ tourism services and experience in satisfaction with leisure life and overall life." Journal of Business Research, 44(3), 153-163.
- Neal, Janet D., Uysal, Mozaffer, and Sirgy, M. Joseph. (2007). "The effect of tourism services on travelers’ quality of life." Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 154–163.
- Nyaupane, Gyan P., Morais, Duarte B., and Graefe, Alan R. (2002). "A comparison of leisure constraints among three outdoor recreation activities: Whitewater rafting, canoeing and overnight horseback riding." 2002 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium.
- Otoo, Felix E., and Kim, Seongseop (2020). "Analysis of studies on the travel motivations of senior tourists from 1980 to 2017: progress and future directions." Current Issues in Tourism, 23(4), 393-417.
- Pan, Yu, Fu, Xiaoxiao, and Youcheng Wang. (2020). "How does travel link to life satisfaction for senior tourists?" Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45(2020), 234-244.
- Patterson, Ian, Balderas-Cejudo, Adela, and Pegg, Shane (2021). "Tourism preferences of seniors and their impact on healthy ageing." Anatolia, 32(4), 553–564.
- Patterson, Ian, Balderas-Cejudo, Adela, (2020). "Continuing and Emerging Trends of Senior Tourism: A Review of the Literature." Journal of Population Ageing, 13 (2020), 385–399.
- Patuelli, Roberto, and Nijkamp, Peter. (2016). "Travel motivations of seniors: A review and a meta-analytical assessment." Tourism Economics, 22(4), 847–862.
- Payne, Laura L., Mowen, Andrew J., and Montoro-Rodriguez, Julian. (2006). "The role of leisure style in maintaining the health of older adults with arthritis." Journal of Leisure Research, 38(1), 20–45.
- Plog, Stanley C. (1974). "Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 14(4), 55–58.
- Prayag, Girish (2012). "Senior Travelers’ Motivations and Future Behavioral Intentions: THE CASE OF NICE." Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 29(7), 665-681.
- Ragheb, Mounir G., and Griffith, Carlse A. (1982). "The contribution of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction to life satisfaction of older persons." Journal of Leisure Research, 14(4), 295-306.
- Raymore, Leslie A. (2002). "Facilitators to leisure." Journal of Leisure Research, 34(1), 37-51.
- Ryu, Jungsu, and Heo, Jinmo. (2018). "Relationships between leisure activity types and well-being in older adults." Leisure Studies, 37(3), 331-342.
- Sangpikul, Aswin. (2008). "Travel motivations of Japanese senior travellers to Thailand." International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(1), 81-94.
- Sert, Ayşe Nevin. (2019). " Theory and Practice in Social Sciences." In book: Senior Tourism in the Aging World (488-498). ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI UNIVERSITY PRESS.
- Sie, Lintje, Pegg, Shane, and Virginia Phelan, Kelly. (2021). "Senior tourists’ self-determined motivations, tour preferences, memorable experiences and subjective well-being: An integrative hierarchical model." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47(2021), 237-251.
- Sirgy, M. Joseph, Kruger, P. Stephanes, Lee, Dong-Jin, and Yu, Grace B. (2011). "How Does a Travel Trip Affect Tourists’ Life Satisfaction?" Journal of Travel Research, 50(3), 261–275.
- Toda, Masahiro, Makino, Hiroaki, Kobayashi, Hidetoshi, Nagasawa, Shingo, Kitamura, Kazuyuki, and Morimoto, Kanehisa. (2004). "Medical Assessment of the Health Effects of Short Leisure Trips." Archives of Environmental Health, 59(12), 717–724.
- Tomka, Dragica, Holodkov, Vladimir, and Andjelković, Ivana. (2015). "Quality of life as a travel motivational factors of senior tourists - Results of research in Novi Sad." Conference: DIT 2013-Dr.Juraj Plenković“ (Society and tehnology)At: Opatija, Croatia.
- Wahab, S. (1975). Wahab on tourism management: an introduction to the scientific study of tourism management, aimed at those who recognise the rewards of a well managed tourism industry, and who perceive the penalties of mismanagement. Tourism International Press
- Ward, Aisling. (2014). "Segmenting the senior tourism market in Ireland based on travel motivations." Journal of Vacation Marketing, 20(3), 267–277.
- Wei, Sherry, and Milman, Ady (2002). "The Impact of Participation in Activities while on Vacation on Seniors’ Psychological Well-Being: A Path Model Application." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 26(2), 175–185.
- Wen, Jun, Yu, Chung E., Huang, Songshan, and Goh, Edmund. (2020). "Perceived constraint and negotiation of Chinese outbound senior tourists." Anatolia, 21(1), 149-153.
- Wijaya, Serli, Wahyudi, Wahyuniwati, Kusuma, Claudia B., and Sugianto, Evelyn. (2018). "Travel motivation of Indonesian seniors in choosing destination overseas." International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research,12(2), 185-197.
- Xiong, Qi, Zhang, Qiqi, Yang, Yang, and Li, Zhiyong. (2021). "Perceived barriers faced by Chinese adult children in social support of their elderly parents’ outbound travels." Tourism Management Perspectives, 38(2021), 1-11.
- Yousefi, Maryam, & Marzuki, Azizan. (2015). "An Analysis of Push and Pull Motivational Factors of International Tourists to Penang, Malaysia." International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 16(1), 40-56.
- Zambianchi, Manuela. (2017). "Positive aging, Positive Psychology and Tourism. A challenging new area of investigation?" Almatourism-Journal of Tourism Culture and Territorial Development, 8(15), 1–15.
- Zhang, Linghan, and Zhang, Junyi. (2018). "Impacts of leisure and tourism on the elderly’s quality of life in intimacy: A comparative study in Japan." Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12), 48-61.
)