Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Department of Urban Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Bu- AliSina, Hamadan, Iran
2 Ph.D Candidate, Department of Urban studies, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
3 Professor, Department of Urbanism ,Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan,Iran
Abstract
The accurate, current and comprehensive information is essential for any effective intervention to improve informal settlements. One of the social issues that the informal settlements in Karaj city is social exclusion. These settlements are often marginalized, leading to social isolation within the neighborhoods and exclusion from the mainstream society. This can result in issues such as discrimination, lack of access to social services and limited social mobility. Despite the social issues raised, the actions taken to address these issues, although they were physical and while necessary, seem to have not significantly enhanced the opportunities for social interactions and encounters in these neighborhoods. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the social capital and environmental quality in these neighborhoods framing it within the literature related to “social capital”. Based on an appropriate sample of 385 residents from these areas, the social capital status was assessed statistically. The collected data about sotial capital were analysis using Analytic Hierarchy Process method; and spatial integeration and legibility were investigated as subsets of environmental quality in the target neighborhoods using the space syntax method. Ultimately, this article identified the relationship between social capital and environmental quality (spatial integeration and Legibility) in the target neighborhoods with the help of linear regression. Neighborhoods with higher the spatial integeration and also exhibited higher levels of social capital.
Keywords
- Social Capital
- Environmental Quality
- Informal Settlements
- Akhtarabad
- Sohrabieh and Hesar Bala neighborhoods
Main Subjects
- Abbott, John. (2002). “An analysis of informal settlement upgrading and critique of existing methodological approaches”. Habitat International, 26 (3), 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975 (01)00049-2
- Acedo, Albert., Painho, Marco. and Casteleyn, Sven. (2017), “Place and city: operationalizing sense of place and social Capital in the urban context”, Transactions in GIS, 21 (3), 503-520. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12282
- Ahadnejad Roshti, Mohsen., Moradi Mofrad, Samira., and Hosseinzadeh, Akbar. “The Role of Urban Management in Distribution of Social Capital (A case study of Kermanshah city)”. IUESA. 2014; 2 (7), 117-132. (in Persian)
- Bashar, Toriqul. (2022). “Residential stability of the urban poor in Bangladesh: The roles of social capital”. Cities, 126, 103695.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103695
- Behzad Far, Mostafa., Noghrekar, Abdolhamid and Salehi, Seyed Komeil. (2018). “Assessment of empowerment indices in informal settlements with a base asset approach in Tehran metropolis-Case study: Islamshahr, Mid-Abad”. Geography, 16 (57), 96-114. (in Persian)
- Bourdie, Pierre. (1986). The Form of Capital, in J. G. Richardson̒s sHandbook for Theory and Research for Sociology of Education.
- Cohen, Michael., Maund, Kim., Gajendran, Thayaparan., Lloyd, Justine., and Smith, Cathy. (2018). Communities of Practice Collaborative Project: Valuing Creative Placemaking: Development of a Toolkit for Public and Private Stakeholders. Literature Review 2018. Stage 1. Landcom.
- Defilippis, James. (2001), “The myth of social Capital in community development”, Housing Policy Debate, 12 (4), 781-806.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2001.9521429
- Hataminejad, Hosein., Miraei, Mohamad., and Khodaei, Zahra. (2011). Informal settlement in the world and Iran, Alborz Unit; Academic Jihad Publications. (in Persian)
- Haynes, Paul. (2009), “Before going any further with social capital: eight key criticisms to address”, INGENIO (CSIC-UPV) Working Paper Series, 1-23. https://ideas.repec.org/p/ing/wpaper/200902
- Hutama, Irsyad Adhi Waskita. (2020). Exploring the Sense of Place of an Urban Kampung. Through the Daily Activities, Configuration of Space and Dweller’s Perception: Case Study of Kampung Code, Yogyakarta. Master’s dissertation, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.32534.80966
- Jaycox, Edward. V. K. (1977). “Housing the poor: The task ahead in developing countries”. Urban Ecology, 2 (4), 305–325.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4009 (77)90001-8
- Letki, Natalia. (2008), “Does diversity erode social cohesion? Social capital and race in British neighborhoods”, Political Studies, 56 (1), 99-126
- Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city .Cambridge, Massachusetts: The M.I.T press.
- Manzor, Davood. & Yadipour, Mahdi. (2018), “Social capital is the factor of social and economic development”, Development strategy , 5 (15), 140-162. (in Persian)
- Marans, R. W., & Couper, M. (2000). “Measuring the quality of community life: a program for longitudinal and comparative international research”. In Proceedings of the second international conference on quality of life in cities 2, 267-276.
- Masoud, Mohammad., haghverdian, Fatemeh. (2012). “The Role of Social Capital on empowerment of the informal settlements (case study: around of Eynak neighborhood in Rasht city)”. Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 7 (18), 128-140. (in Persian)
- Naghdi, Asadollah. (2005), Investigating the situation of marginalization and its issues in Hamadan city, Hamedan, Iran.
- Phung, Dinh., Gupta, Sunil.K., Nguyen, Thin., and Venkatesh, Svetha. (2013), “Connectivity, online social capital and mood: a Bayesian nonparametric analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 6, pp. 1316-1325. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMM.2013.2264274
- Porteous, J. Douglas. (1971). “Design with People: The Quality of the Urban Environment”. Environment and Behavior, 3 (2), 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001391657100300204
- Prayitno, Gunawan. and Syaifurridzal, M. (2017). “Social Capital and Public Participation on Planning in Coastal Area Development”. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environment Science 79.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/79/1/012019
- Prayitno, Gunawan., Sari, Nindya., and Putri, Ike Karwinto. (2019). “Social capital in poverty alleviation through PRO-POOR tourism concept in slum area (case study: Kelurahan jodipan, Malang City)”. GEOMATE Journal, 16 (55), 131-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.21660/2019.55.37152
- Pugh, Cedric. (2000). “Squatter settlements: Their sustainability, architectural contributions, and socio-economic roles”. Cities. 17 (5), 325-337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751 (00)00029-9
- Putnam, Robert David. (1993). Making Democracy Work: civic traditions in modern Italy, Princeton, Univercity Press, Princeton.
- Rutten, Roel., Westlund, Hans., and Boekema, Frans. (2010), “The spatial dimension of social Capital”, European Planning Studies, 18 (6), 863-871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654311003701381
- Sarafi, Mohammad. (2002), “Towards a Theory for Organizing Informal Settlement”, Haft Shahr, 1 (8), 5-11. (in Persian)
- Satterthwaite, David. (2012). “Upgrading informal settlements”. International encyclopedia of housing and home, 206–211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00276-9
- Sheikhi, Mohammad., Amini, Saiedeh., and Nezami, Anahita. (2015). “A Comparative Study Of The Feeling Of Place Attachment In Formal Settlements & Informal Settlements (parand new town and nasimshahr)”. Quarterly journal of social sciences, 22 (69), 45-74. (in Persian)
- Shieh, Esmaeil., Habibi, Kiuomars., & Kamali Nasab, Hamed. (2011). The Process Of Formation And Expansion Of Informal Settlements Case Study: Sohrabiye District Of Karaj. Housing and rural environment, 30 (133), 39-48. (in Persian)
- Taghvaei, Masoud., & Safarabadi, Azam. (2013) “A comparative study of social capital in urban contexts using a.h.p. Model (Case Study: the city of Kermanshah), Urban Sociological Studies, 2 (2), 1-33. (in Persian)
- Tajbakhsh, Kian. (2003). Social capital, trust, democracy and development. Translated by Afshin Khakbaz and Hasan Pouyan, Shirazeh Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)
- The Cabinet of Ministers. (2003). National Documentation on the Empowerment and Organization of Informal Settlements, Tehran. (in Persian)
- UN-Habitat. (2016). World cities report 2016: urbanization and development–emerging futures. Publisher: UN-Habitat.
- UN-Habitat. (2020). COVID-19 in African Cities: Impacts, responses and policies recommendations. From https://unhabitat.org/ . (Accessed 29 June2020)
- United Nations. (2000). United Nations Millennium declaration. New York: United Nations: Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly
- Van Kamp, Irene., Leidelmeijer, Kees., Marsman Gooitske., and Hollander Augustinus. (2003). “Urban enviromental quality and human well-being towards a conceptual framework and demarcation of concepts : A literature study”; Landscape and Urban Planning, 65, 5-18 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046 (02)00232-3
- Weisman, Jerry. (1981). “Evaluating architectural legibility: Way-finding in the built environment”. Environment and Behavior, 13 (2),189 - 204
- Wekesa, Benson W., Steyn, Gerald S., and Otieno, FAO Fred . (2011). “A review of physical and socioeconomic characteristics and intervention approaches of informal settlements”. Habitat International, 35 (2), 238–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.09.006
- World Bank/UNCHS. (2000). Cities Alliance for Cities without Slums: Action Plan for moving Slum Upgrading to Scale. Special Summary Edition. Washington DC: The World Bank.
)