Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Associate Professor, Urban Design Department, Iran University of Art, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine the changes in the spaces and reread the actions that have been taken by people and the governments in different countries to return the spaces to the people. In the following, the changes of the urban space in the dimensions of form, function (use) and meaning in the city of Tehran have been investigated. In the first step, the research method is analytical and based on the documentary method and qualitative content analysis.In the investigation of the case study, the quantitative method and the questionnaire tool(204)were used and the data were analyzed with the SPSS tool. The results of the first step showed the changes of urban public spaces in the form of duals concepts: private space/public space;security/ insecurity;sociability and isolation/sociability and communication; xenophobia/ social communication.The results in the second step showed that the conditions of presence and use of the urban space during the Corona period have changed compared to before, and as a result, people's emotional experience of being in the space is negative and tends towards fear. In fact, insecurity has been manifested in a different way.Also,the physical changes in the form of government actions are more of a warning type, but the people's desires include improving pedestrian access, increasing the number and access to open spaces, and increasing the size of the spaces.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Bassett, Mary. T. (2020). "Just Because You Can Afford to Leave the City Doesn't Mean You " New York Times. Retrieved 15 May, 2020 from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-cities-density.html.
- Canter, David. (1977). The Psychology of Place. UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Cappelen, Alexander, Ranveig Falch, Erik O. Sorensen, Bertil Tungodden, and Gus Wezerek. (2020). "What Do You Owe Your Neighbor? The Pandemic Might Change Your Answer."New York Times. Retrieved 16 April, 2020 from: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/16/opinion/coronavirus-inequality-solidarity-poll.html?searchResultPosition=1
- Cheng, Kar Keung, Tai Hing Lam, and Chi Chiu Leung. (2020). "Wearing face masks in the community during COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity." Lancet. www.lancet.com published online April 16, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30918-1
- Copps, John. (2020). "Maximizing neighborhood resilience after COVID-19, Local authorities’ role in encouraging and promoting mutual aid groups." Mutual Ventures Group. Retrieved 2 April, 2020 from
https://www.mutualventures.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/COVID19-Recovering-Together-FINAL.pdf
- Franck, Karen A. (2002). "Women and Environment." In Robert B. Bechtel, and Arza Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Psychology (347-362). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Gibbon, Marion, Ronald Labonte, and Glenn Lavernack. (2002). "Evaluation Community Capacity." Health and Social Care in the Community, 10 (6), 485-491.
- Gzell, Sławomir. (2015). "W jakim mieście chciałbym mieszkać?" In A. Jasiński (Ed), Wolny rynek, lepsze miasto? 25 lat wolnorynkowych doświadczeń polskiej architektury (95– 104). Kraków: SARP.
- Hamidi, Shima, Sadegh Sabouri, and Reid Ewing. (2020). "Does Density Aggravate the COVID-19 Pandemic? Early Results and Lessons for Planners." Journal of the American Planning Association, 18 June, 2020: 1–15. DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2020.1777891.
- HM Government. (2020). "Contains privateinformationCOVID-19Secure: Safer Public Places –Urban Centers and Green Spaces." Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. Retrieved 1 April, 2020 from:
https://www.gov.uk/guidance/safer-public-places-urban-centres-and-green-spaces-covid-19.
https://lumieresdelaville.net/urbains-post-covid-reconquete-espace-public/. Retrieved 2 April, 2020.
https://sante.journaldesfemmes.fr/fiches-sante-du-quotidien/2636665-syndrome-de-la-cabane-definition-symptome-test-cause-solutions/. Retrieved 1 April, 2020.
https://www.metropolis.org/news/tactical-urbanism-response-during-pandemic. Retrieved 2 April, 2020. https://www.PPS.org
https://www.tradeandinvest.lu/fr/news/15-projets-innovants-de-start-up-pour-lutter-contre-covid-19/. Retrieved 1 April, 2020.
- Jasiński, Artur. (2020). "Public space or safe space–remarks during the COVID-19 pandemic." Technical Transaction, 117 (1), 1-10.
- Lydon, Mike, and Anthony Garcia. (2012). Tactical Urbanism 2: short-term action, long-term change. Washington. D.C.: Island Press.
- Mehta, Vikas. (2020). "The new proxemics: COVID-19, social distancing, and sociable space." Journal of Urban Design, 25(6), 669-674.
DOI: 10.1080/13574809.2020.1785283
- Montgomery, John. (1998). "Making a City: Urbanity, Vitality and Urban Design." Journal of Urban Design, 1, 93-115.
- Moos, Markus, Amanda McCulley and Tara Vinodrai. (2020). "COVID-19 and Urban Density: Evaluating the Arguments." Innovation Policy Lab, University of Toronto, Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy. Retrieved 2 April, 2020 from
https://www.engagewr.ca/8710/widgets/42728/documents/41722.
- Pafka, Elek. (2020). "As Corona virus Forces us to Keep Our Distance, City Density Matters Less Than Internal Density." The Conversation, May 13, 2020. Retrieved 22 April, 2020 from
https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/news/12125-as-coronavirus-forces-us-to-keep-our-distance--city-density-matters-less-than-internal-density
- Pitter, Jay. (2020). "Urban Density: Confronting the Distance between Desire and Disparity." Azure Magazine, April 17, 2020 Retrieved 25 May, 2020 fromhttps://www.azuremagazine.com/article/urban-density-confrontingthe-distance-between-desire-and-disparity/.
- Punter, John. (1991). "Participation in the Design of Urban Space." Landscape Design, 200(1), 24-27.
- UN-Habitat. (2020). UN-Habitat key message on COVID-19 and public space. UN-Habitat.https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/05/unh_covid-19_ps_key_message.pdf
- Wang, Kyungsoon. (2016). The characteristics of resilient neighborhood housing markets during and after U.S. Housing crisis. A thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy on City and Regional Planning, Academic Faculty, Georgia Institute of Technology.
- Wuthrich, Phlippe. (2020). "Doublement Protégé, L’app SwissCovid, la nouvelle arme pour lutter contre l’épidémie." Migros-Magazine
- Zhong, Yu, and Bertrand Teirlinck. (2020). "Density and its Effect on COVID-19 Spread." Economic Research & Policy Group. https://edc.nyc/density-and-its-effect-on-covid-19-spread