An Investigation on the Concept of Well-being in Tourism: A Meta-Synthesis Approach

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 faculty of tourism, science and culture university, tehran, iran

2 Associate Professor /Department Tourism Science and Culture University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor/Department Tourism Science and Culture University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
In recent decades, tourism studies, due to their interdisciplinary nature, have increasingly focused on well-being from both theoretical and methodological perspectives, prioritizing the examination of tourists' well-being in research agendas. Despite several decades since the introduction of the term "well-being in tourism," as conceptualized by Pearce, the concept remains fragmented and ambiguous. Given that well-being can have long-term physical and psychological effects on all aspects of human life, defining it as a goal of tourism appears to be an accepted endeavor.This study, which is developmental-applied in purpose and qualitative in method, aims to explain the concept of well-being in tourism. It employs a documentary and library research approach for data collection and utilizes meta-synthesis to analyze the views of theorists in order to identify the concept and dimensions of well-being in tourism. The study population includes all English-language research related to well-being in tourism from 1990 to 2024.The findings reveal that while hedonic well-being, eudaimonic well-being, subjective well-being, psychological well-being, quality of life, and more recently transformative and meaningful experiences have been examined as aspects of well-being in tourism studies—and are occasionally used interchangeably—they differ in terms of their concepts and dimensions.The results can enhance managers' understanding of tourist well-being and provide practical guidelines for managers, planners, and policymakers in developing tourism at national and regional levels and well-being for planning for community members.

Keywords

Subjects

 
-   Ahn, J., K. J. Back, and C. Boger. (2019). Effects of Integrated Resort Experience on Customers’ Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(8): 1225–55.
-   Alexandrova, A. (2012). Well-being as an object of science. Philosophy of Science, 79(5), 678–689. https://doi.org/10.1086/667870
-   Amaro, D., Caldeira, A. M., & Seabra, C. (2023). Transformative experiences in tourism: A conceptual and critical analysis integrating consumer and managerial perspectives. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 25(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14673584231182971
-   Bagheri, F., Guerreiro, M., Pinto, P & Ghaderi, Z. (2023). From Tourist Experience to Satisfaction and Loyalty: Exploring the Role of a Sense of Well-Being. Journal of Travel Research 1–16.
-   Bai, X., Hung, K., & Lai, D. W. L. (2017). The role of travel in enhancing life satisfaction among Chinese older adults in Hong Kong. Ageing and Society, 37(9), 1824–1848.
-   Wayment, H. A., & Bauer, J. J. (2008). Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. xx-263). American Psychological Association. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232517427
-   Bosangit, C., Hibbert, S., & McCabe, S. (2015). If I was going to die, I should at least be having fun: Travel blogs, meaning and tourist experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 55, 1–14.
-   Bosnjak, M., C. A. Brown, D. J. Lee, G. B. Yu, and M. J. Sirgy. (2016). Self-Expressiveness in Sport Tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 55 (1): 125–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514535845
-   Brown, L. (2009). The transformative power of the international sojourn: An ethnographic study of the international student experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(3),502–521.
-   Câmara, E., Pocinho, M., Agapito, D., & Jesus, S. N. D. (2022). Positive psychology, well-being, and mindfulness: A successful partnership towards the development of meaningful tourist experiences. Journal of Tourism, Sustainability and Well-being, 10(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.34623/m7xe-a661
-   Câmara, E., Pocinho, M., Agapito, D., & de Jesus, S. N. (2023). Meaningful experiences in tourism: A systematic review of psychological constructs. European Journal of Tourism Research, 34, 3403-3403. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.2964
-   Carlisle, S., Henderson, G., & Hanlon, P. W. (2009). ‘Wellbeing’: A collateral casualty of modernity? Social Science & Medicine, 69, 1556–1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.029
-   Chandralal, L. and Valenzuela, F. (2013). Exploring memorable tourism experiences: antecedents and behavioural outcomes. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 1(2), 177-181.
-   Chang, L., Moyle, B. D., Dupre, K., Filep, S., & Vada, S. (2022). Progress in research on seniors' well-being in tourism: A systematic review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 44, 101040.
-   Chen, X.; Cheng, Z.F.; Kim, G.B. (2020). Make It Memorable: Tourism Experience, Fun, Recommendation and Revisit Intentions of Chinese Outbound Tourists. Sustainability, 12, 1904.
-   Chen, S.Y. (2018), Aristotle’s theory of purpose, function and happiness: a new defense of the theory of tolerance, Morality and Civilization, No. 4, pp. 136-141.
-   Chirakranont, R., & Sakdiyakorn, M. (2022). Conceptualizing meaningful tourism experiences: Case study of a small craft beer brewery in Thailand. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 23, 100691.
-   Coghlan A and Weiler B. (2018). Examining transformative processes in volunteer tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(5): 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1102209
-   Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. HarperCollins e-books. http://www.jstor.org
-   Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1–11.
-   Demeter, C., MacInnes, S., & Dolnicar, S. (2023). Defining and operationalizing eight forms of eudaimonia and hedonia and assessing tourism-specific context-dependency. Journal of Travel Research, 62(7), 1448-1459. DOI: 10.1177/00472875221133042
-   Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 524–558. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
-   Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1997). Measuring quality of life:Economic, social and subjective indicators. Social Indicators Research, 40, 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006859511756
-   Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
-   Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-006-9007-x
-   Dillette, A. K., Douglas, A. C., & Andrzejewski, C. (2019). Yoga tourism - a catalyst for transformation? Annals of Leisure Research, 22(1), 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2018.1459195
-   Dodge, R., Daly, A., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. (2012). The challenge of defining wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 222–235. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v2i3.4
-   Erwin, E. J.; Brotherson, M. J., & Summers, J. A. (2011). Understanding Qualitative Metasynthesis: Issues and Opportunities in Early Childhood Intervention Research. Journal of Early Intervention, 33(3), 186-200.http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053815111425493
-   Ewert, A., R. Zwart, and C. Davidson. (2020). Underlying Motives for Selected Adventure Recreation Activities: The Case for Eudaimonics and Hedonics. Behavioral Sciences 10 (12): 185.
-   Feldman, F. (2004). Pleasure and the good life: Concerning the nature, varieties, and plausibility of hedonism. Oxford University Press.
-   Filep, S. (2014). Moving beyond subjective well-being: A tourism critique. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 38(2), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012436609
-   Filep, S., Laing, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2017). What is positive tourism? Why do we need it? In M. Filep, S.; Laing, J.; & Csikszentmihalyi (Ed.), Positive tourism (pp. 18–30). Routledge.
-   Filep, S., Moyle, B. D., & Skavronskaya, L. (2024). Tourist wellbeing: Re-thinking hedonic and eudaimonic dimensions. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 48(1), 184-193.
-   Fogel, R. W. (1993). New sources and new techniques for the study of secular trends in nutritional status, health, mortality, and the process of aging. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 26(1), 5–43.
-   Garcês, S., Pocinho, M., Jesus, S. N., & Rieber, M. S. (2018). Positive psychology & tourism: A systematic literature review. Tourism & Management Studies, 14(3), 41–51.
-   Godovykh, M. (2024). Transformative experiences in tourism: where, when, with whom, and how does tourists' transformation occur?. Frontiers in Sustainable Tourism, 3, 1377844.
-   Heathwood, C. (2006). Desire satisfactionism and hedonism. Philosophical Studies, 128(3), 539–563.
-   Huta, V. (2016). Eudaimonic and Hedonic Orientations: Theoretical Considerations and Research Findings. In Handbook of Eudaimonic Well-being, edited by J. Vittersø, 215–31. Springer International Publishing AG. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_15
-   Huta, V., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Pursuing pleasure or virtue: The differential and overlapping well-being benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic motives. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(6), 735–762.
-   Huta, V., & Waterman, A. S. (2014). Eudaimonia and its distinction from hedonia: Developing a classification and terminology for understanding conceptual and operational definitions.Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(6), 1425–1456.
-   Huta, V,. Ryan, R,M (2010). Pursuing Pleasure or Virtue: The Differential and Overlapping Well-Being Benefits of Hedonic And Eudaimonic Motives, Journal of Happiness Studies, 11 (6), 735-62.
-   Irwin, T. H. (1991). Aristippus against happiness. The Monist, 74(1), 55–82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27903224
-   Kahneman, D., Kubovy, M., Diener, E., & Schwartz,N. (1999). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.06.003
-   Karagöz, D., & Kama, S. (2023). Self-Identification with Tourism Experiences, Hedonic–Eudaimonic Consumption. In Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research II: Enhancing the Lives of Tourists, Residents of Host Communities and Service Providers (pp. 211-223). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
-   Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The Mental Health Continuum: From Languishing to Flourishing in Life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 43 (2): 207–22. https://midus.wisc.edu/findings/pdfs/56.pdf
-   Kim, C., J. Kim, and B. Thapa. (2020). Bidirectional Association Between Leisure Time Physical Activity and Wellbeing: Longitudinal Evidence. Journal of Leisure Research. 51 (5): 559–80.
-   Kirillova, K., Lehto, X., and Cai, L. (2017a). Tourismand existential transformation: an empirical investigation. J. Travel Research. 56, 638–650. doi: 10.1177/0047287516650277
-   Kirillova, K., Lehto, X., & Cai, L. (2017b). What triggers transformative tourism experiences?. Tourism Recreation Research, 42(4), 498-511.doi: 10.1080/02508281.2017.1342349
-   Kjell, O. N. E. (2011). Sustainable well-being: A potential synergy between sustainability and well-being research. Review of General Psychology, 15(3), 255-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024603
-   Kraut, R. (1979). Two conceptions of happiness. The Philosophical Review, 88(2), 167–197. https://doi.org/10.2307/2184505
-   Land, K. C., & Michalos, A. C. (2018). Fifty years after the social indicators movement: Has the promise been fulfilled? An assessment an agenda for the future. Social Indicators Research, 135, 835-868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1571-y
-   Larsen, S. (2007). Aspects of a psychology of the tourist experience. Scandinavian. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1),7–18.
-   Layard, R. (2006). Happiness: Lessons from a new science. Oxford: Penguin. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20031793
-   Lee, W., & Jeong, C. (2020). Beyond the correlation between tourist eudaimonic and hedonic experiences: necessary condition analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(17), 2182–2194.
-   Lee, W., & Jeong, C. (2021). Distinctive roles of tourist eudaimonic and hedonic experiences on satisfaction and place attachment: Combined use of SEM and necessary condition analysis. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47, 58-71.
-   Lengieza, M. L., C. A. Hunt, and J. K. Swim. (2019). Measuring Eudaimonic Travel Experiences. Annals of Tourism Research 74:195–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.05.002
-   Lengieza, M. L., J. K. Swim, and C. A. Hunt. (2021). Effects of Post-Trip Eudaimonic Reflections on Affect, Self-Transcendence and Philanthropy. Service Industries Journal 41 (3–4): 285–306.
-   Liang, Z., Luo, H. and Liu, C. (2021). The concept of subjective well-being: its origins an application in tourism research: a critical review with reference to China. Tourism Critiques, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 2-19.
-   Liang, Z.X. (2018). Residents’ quality of life in tourist destinations: a confirmatory study on multiple discrepancies theory. Tourism Tribune, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 38-47. cabidigitallibrary.org
-   Liang, Z.X. and Hui, T.K. (2016). Residents’ quality of life and attitudes toward tourism development in China. Tourism Management, Vol. 57, pp. 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.05.001
-   Liu, L., Zhou, Y., & Sun, X. (2023). The impact of the wellness tourism experience on tourist well-being: The mediating role of tourist satisfaction. Sustainability, 15(3), 1872.
-   Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137–155.
-   Lyubomirsky, S., (2001). Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psychologist 56,239–249.
-   McCabe, S., Joldersma, T., & Li, C. (2010). Understanding the Benefi ts of Social Tourism: Linking Participation to Subjective Well-being and Quality of Life. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12, 761-773. doi: 10.1002/jtr.791
-   McWha M, FrostWand Laing J. (2018). Travel writers and the nature of self: essentialism, transformation and (online)construction. Annals of Tourism Research 70: 14–24.
-   Milman, A. (1998). The impact of tourism and travel experience on senior travelers’psychological well-being. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 166–170.
-   Młynkowiak-Stawarz, A. (2023). Do Polish tourists want wellbeing tourism? Preferences for wellbeing tourism versus the psychological wellbeing of individuals. e-mentor, 99(2), 56-68.
-   Nawijn, J., Marchand, M. A., Veenhoven, R., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2010).Vacationers happier, but most not happier after a holiday. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 5(1), 1871–2576.
-   Neal, J. D., & Gursoy, N. (2008). A multifaceted analysis of tourism satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 47,53–62.
-   Neuhofer, B., Celuch, K., & To, T. L. (2020). Experience design and the dimensions of transformative festival experiences. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(9), 2881–2901. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-01-2020-0008
-   Noblit, G. W., Hare, R. D., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Meta-ethnography: Synthesizing qualitative studies (Vol. 11). sage.
-   Norton, D. L. (1976). Personal Destinies. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Retrieved from.
-   Pyke, S., Hartwell, H., Blake, A., & Hemingway, A. (2016). Exploring well-being as a tourism product resource. Tourism Management, 55, 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.02.004
-   Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction:The full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(1), 25–41.
-   Pung JM, Gnoth J and Del Chiappa G. (2020). Tourist transformation: towards a conceptual model. Annals of Tourism Research.81: 102885.
-   Reisinger, Y. (2013). Transformational tourism: Tourist perspectives. Wallingford: CABI. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102885
-   Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On hapiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic Well-being. Annual Review Psychology,52, 141–166.
-   Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
-   Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness, 9, 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
-   Ruini, C. and Ryff, C.D. (2016). Using eudaimonic well-being to improve lives. in Wood, A.M. and Johnson, J. (Eds), The Wiley Handbook of Positive Clinical Psychology, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 153-166.
-   Sandelowski, M., & Barroso, J. (2006). Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research. springer publishing company.
-   Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333–335.
-   Seligman, M. E. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realise your potential for lasting fulfillment (Ed.). Free Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.5.936
-   Sheldon, P. J. (2020). Designing tourism experiences for inner transformation. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, (article e 102935).
-   Sie, D. L., Pegg, D. S., & Virginia Phelan, D. K. (2021). Senior tourists' self-determined motivations, tour preferences, memorable experiences and subjective well-being: An integrative hierarchical model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47, 237–251.
-   Sirgy, M. J. (2001). Handbook of quality-of-life research:An ethical marketing perspective (Vol. 8). Springer Science & Business Media.
-   Smith, M. K., & Diekmann, A. (2017). Tourism and wellbeing. Annals of Tourism Research,66, 1–13.    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.006
-   Smith, M. K., & Konu, H. (2024). Progress in tourism and wellbeing research. In A Research Agenda for Tourism and Wellbeing (pp. 1-18). Edward Elgar Publishing.    http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781803924342.00007
-   Song, G., Edelheim, J., & Johnson, J. (2024). Positive Tourist Experience: The PERMA Approach for Understanding the Well-Being of Young Tourists. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 72(4), 654-659.
-   Soulard, J., McGehee, N. G., & Stern, M. (2019). Transformative tourism organizations and glocalization. Annals of Tourism Research, 76, 91–104.
-   Soulard, J., McGehee, N., & Knollenberg, W. (2021). Developing and testing the transformative travel experience scale (TTES). Journal of Travel Research, 60(5),923–946.   https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520919511
-   Steger, Michael F., Todd B. Kashdan, Brandon A. Sullivan, and Danielle Lorentz. (2008). Understanding the Search for Meaning in Life: Personality, Cognitive Style, and the Dynamic Between Seeking and Experiencing Meaning,Journal of Personality, 76 (2), 199-228.
-   Su, L., B. Tang, and J. Nawijn. )2020(. Eudaimonic and Hedonic Wellbeing Pattern Changes: Intensity and Activity. Annals of Tourism Research. 84:103008.    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103008S
-   Su, L., Pan, L., Wen, J., & Phau, I. (2023). Effects of tourism experiences on tourists’ subjective well-being through recollection and storytelling. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 29(4), 479-497.
-   Summers, J. A., Brotherson, M. J., Naig, L., Ethridge, B., Singer, G. H., Kruse, A., & Wang, W. (2008). A preliminary synthesis of qualitative research: Gaining emotional well-being from other parents. Paper presented at the Beach Center on Disability State of the Science Conference, Washington, DC.
-   Tasci, A. D. A., & Godovykh, M. (2021). An empirical modeling of transformation process through trip experiences. Tourism Management, 86, Article 104332.   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104332.
-   Teoh MW, Wang Y and Kwek A. (2021). Conceptualising cocreated transformative tourism experiences: A systematic narrative review. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 47: 176–189.
-   Tiwari, A. V., Bajpai, N., & Pandey, P. K. (2024). Understanding the influence of meaningfulness on memorable tourism experience (MTE) to invoke revisit intention in tourists with moderating effect of the perceived risk of COVID-19. Leisure/Loisir, 1-24.   https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2024.2399603
-   Tsai, S. P. )2021(. Driving Destination Loyalty via Separate Impact of Hedonia and Eudaimonia. Current Issues in Tourism. 24(8): 1048–53.
-   Tsartsara, S. I. (2018). Definition of a new type of tourism niche—The geriatric tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(6), 796–799. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2232
-   Vada, S., Prentice, C., Scott, N., & Hsiao, A. (2019). Positive psychology and tourist wellbeing:A systematic literature review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 1–14.    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100631
-   Veenhoven, R. (2003). Hedonism and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4(4), 437–457.
-   Veenhoven, R. (2008). Sociological theories of subjective well-being. In, 9. The science of subjective well-being (pp. 44–61). London: Guilford.
-   Vittersø, J. (2014).Positive Psychology Perspectives on Eudaimonia. In The Best Within Us, edited by A. S. Waterman. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
-   Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness:Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678–691.
-   Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness:Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678–691.
-   Waterman, A. S. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: A eudaimonist’s perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(4), 234–252.
-   Willson, G. B., McIntosh, A. J., & Zahra, A. L. (2013). Tourism and spirituality: A phenomenological analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 150–168.
-   Wilson, E., & Harris, C. (2006). Meaningful travel: Women, independent travel and the search for self and meaning. Tourism, 54(2), 161–172. Retrieved from
-   Yang, E. C. L., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Arcodia, C. (2018). Power and empowerment: How Asian solo female travelers perceive and negotiate risks. Tourism Management, 68,32–45.
-   Yang, W., Y. Zhang, and K. K. F. So. 2021. Tourism Experiences vs. Material Purchases: Effects of Eudaimonic Consumption Motive on Consumers’ Reactions to Invidious Comparisons. Tourism Management 83:104247.
-   Yu, J., B. Smale, and H. Xiao. 2021. Examining the Change in Wellbeing Following a Holiday. Tourism Management. 87:104367.
-   Yu, J., H. Li, and H. Xiao. )2020(. Are Authentic Tourists Happier? Examining Structural Relationships Amongst Perceived Cultural Distance, Existential Authenticity, and Wellbeing.International Journal of Tourism Research.2 (1): 144–54.   https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2324
-   Yu, J., Smale, B., & Xiao, H. (2021). Examining the change in wellbeing following a holiday. Tourism Management, 87, 104367.
-   Yu, J., Zhang, Y., & Li, Y. (2024). Dual Approaches of Tourism’s Impact on Post-Trip Well-Being. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 10963480231226078.   https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480231226078
-   Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2018). Impacts of leisure and tourism on the elderly's quality of life in intimacy: A comparative study in Japan. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12).   https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124861
-   Zhao, Y., & Agyeiwaah, E. (2023). Understanding tourists’ transformative experience: A systematic literature review. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 54, 188–199.   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.12.013
 
References in Persian
-   Amini Zadeh, Ahmad, (2022). The effect of tourists' subjective well-being on the enjoyment of the tourist destination, a case study: East Azerbaijan Province Tourism. The 5th International Congress on Agricultural Development, Natural Resources, Environment and Tourism of Iran, Tabriz. [In Persian]
-   Rezapour, Ali, Roodgrenjad, Forough, and Renji Jifroudi, Nima. (2023). Factors affecting the development of health tourism and its effects on the well-being of the community. Health and Hygiene of Ardabil, 13(4). [In Persian]
-   Raitpishe, Saeed, Ahmadi Kohan Ali, Reza, and Abbasnejad, Tayyebeh. (2016). Applying a qualitative meta-synthesis approach to provide a comprehensive model for assessing supply chain sustainability. Modern research in decision making. [In Persian]
-   Mohammadi, Saadi and Talati, Marzieh and Mohammadi, Arkan, (2017), Measuring the Relationship between Participation in Tourism Activities and the Subjective Well-Being of Rural Women (Case Study: Oraman Region, [In Persian]
-   Motiei, Mohsen, Mohammadkhani, Amir. (1400). The role of innovation and satisfaction on subjective well-being and behavioral intention in virtual reality tourism during the coronavirus outbreak. Tourism and Development. [In Persian]
-   Mirghadr, L., Basouli, M., & jahanian, M. (2025). Framework of Theories and Models for Promoting A Sense of Well-Being in the Tourism Context: A Systematic Review. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 14(52), 195-241. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22080/jtpd.2025.28467.3961